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The Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL), also referred to as the Hariri Tribunal, is an international tribunal operating under Lebanese criminal law to carry out the investigation and prosecution of those responsible for the 14 February 2005 assassination of Rafic Hariri, the former Lebanese prime minister, and the deaths of 22 others. The Tribunal officially opened on 1 March 2009 and has primacy over the national courts of Lebanon. The Tribunal has its seat in Leidschendam, on the outskirts of The Hague, Netherlands, and a field office in the Lebanese capital, Beirut. Its official languages are Arabic, French and English. The Tribunal is unique among international criminal tribunals in that it may hold trials ''in absentia''. Further, it is the first international criminal tribunal to deal with terrorism as a distinct crime. The Tribunal's eleven judges, a combination of Lebanese and international judges, are appointed by the UN Secretary-General for a renewable term of three years.〔 The Tribunal's mandate was initially three years. However, there is no fixed timeline for the judicial work to be completed, so the Tribunal may be operational for several years.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Breakthrough in Tribunal Investigation: New Evidence Points to Hezbollah in Hariri Murder – SPIEGEL ONLINE – News – International )〕 In January 2011, the Lebanese government collapsed when 11 cabinet ministers aligned with the March 8 alliance resigned following Lebanese Prime Minister Saad Hariri's refusal to reject the STL. Six months later a new government was formed composed of March 8 members and the former March 14's Progressive Socialist Party under Prime Minister Najib Mikati. In March 2011, Antonio Cassese, then president of the STL, issued his second annual report on the operation and activities of the tribunal, in which he anticipated the completion of the bulk of the court’s work by 2015. “The end of investigations with a view to submitting indictments by 29 February 2012 would allow us to begin with maximum alacrity, already in this third year, at least pre-trial and some trial proceedings, thus being able to complete the core mandate of the Tribunal within a total of six years”, said Judge Cassese.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Second annual report of Antonio Cassese (p. 37) )〕 The Prosecutor submitted an indictment on 17 January 2011 and filed an amendment to the indictment on 12 March 2011. The indictment was confirmed on 28 June 2011. After a review by the pre-trial judge, Daniel Fransen, the Tribunal submitted four confidential arrest warrants to the authorities of Lebanon on 30 June 2011. The names of the suspects were leaked. The four Lebanese citizens - Salim Jamil Ayyash, Mustafa Amine Badreddine, Hussein Hassan Oneissi and Assad Hassan Sabra - are all members of Hezbollah and remain at large. In response to the indictments, the party's leader Hassan Nasrallah denounced the legitimacy of the Tribunal, while Hariri's son, Saad, considered the indictments an "historic moment."〔 Before the STL was established, the assassination of Rafic Hariri was investigated for four years by the United Nations International Investigation Commission (UNIIIC). The UNIIIC’s role was to gather evidence and to assist the Lebanese authorities to conduct their investigations.〔''International Center for Transitional Justice''〕 The United Nations investigation initially implicated high-level Lebanese and Syrian security officers in Hariri's killing. Damascus denied involvement. Four pro-Syrian Lebanese generals were detained by the Lebanese authorities for four years without charge in connection with Hariri's killing. One of the first acts of the Tribunal was to order the release of the generals after ruling that there was insufficient evidence to justify their detention.〔 ==Mandate== The Tribunal was established by an agreement between the United Nations and the Lebanese government pursuant to Security Council resolution 1664 (2006) of 29 March 2006. The United Nations Security Council, acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, endorsed the agreement on 30 May 2007 (Security Council Resolution 1757 (2007)).〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Special Tribunal for Lebanon )〕 The Tribunal's mandate is to "prosecute persons responsible for the attack on 14 February 2005 resulting in the death of sitting Prime Minister Rafiq Hariri and in the death or injury of other persons." It was also tasked with a further extension of its jurisdiction beyond the 14 February 2005 bombing if there was evidence showing other attacks that occurred in Lebanon between 1 October 2004 and 12 December 2005 were connected and were of a similar nature and gravity to the original attack.〔 Human Rights Watch had argued that the tribunal should have been given jurisdiction over 14 other attacks perpetrated in Lebanon since 1 October 2004. The tribunal said it could expand its mandate to include attacks which took place between 1 October 2004 and 12 December 2005, if they can be shown to have a connection to the assassination.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Courtroom )〕 The Tribunal is the first of the UN-based international criminal court to try a "terrorist" crime committed against a specific person. According to United Nations Security Council Resolution 1664 (2006), it is a "tribunal of an international character based on the highest international standards of criminal justice."〔(SECURITY COUNCIL REQUESTS ESTABLISHMENT OF INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNAL FOR KILLING OF FORMER LEBANESE PRIME MINISTER HARIRI ) UN.org〕 The Special Tribunal is a "hybrid" international court, similar to the Special Court for Sierra Leone and the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC). The STL does not apply international criminal law, but rather Lebanese criminal law (Article 2 of the Statute of the Special Tribunal). Accordingly, it also is similar to the Section I for War Crimes and Section II for Organized Crime, Economic Crime and Corruption of the Criminal and Appellate Divisions of the Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina which has such "hybrid" chambers.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=About the Registry )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Special Tribunal for Lebanon」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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